Glp-1 analog fusion proteins

ABSTRACT

The invention provides specific GLP-1 analogs fused to specific IgG4-Fc derivatives. These fusion proteins have an increased half-life, decreased immunogenicity, and reduce effector activity. The fusion proteins are useful in treating diabetes, obesity, irritable bowel syndrome and other conditions that would be benefited by lowering plasma glucose, inhibiting gastric and/or intestinal motility and inhibiting gastric and/or intestinal emptying, or inhibiting food intake.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to glucagon-like peptide analogs fused toproteins that have the effect of extending the in vivo half-life of thepeptides. These fusion proteins can be used to treat diabetes as well asa variety of other conditions or disorders.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs and derivatives show promise inclinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 inducesnumerous biological effects such as stimulating insulin secretion,inhibiting glucagon secretion, inhibiting gastric emptying, inhibitinggastric motility or intestinal motility, and inducing weight loss. Asignificant characteristic of GLP-1 is its ability to stimulate insulinsecretion without the associated risk of hypoglycemia that is seen whenusing insulin therapy or some types of oral therapies that act byincreasing insulin expression.

The usefulness of therapy involving GLP-1 peptides has been limited bythe fact that GLP-1(1-37) is poorly active, and the two naturallyoccurring truncated peptides, GLP-1(7-37)OH and GLP-1(7-36)NH₂, arerapidly cleared in vivo and have extremely short in vivo half lives. Itis known that endogenously produced dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV)inactivates circulating GLP-1 peptides by removing the N-terminalhistidine and alanine residues and is a major reason for the short invivo half-life.

Various approaches have been undertaken to extend the eliminationhalf-life of a GLP-1 peptide or reduce clearance of the peptide from thebody while maintaining biological activity. One approach involves fusinga GLP-1 peptide to the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin. Immunoglobulinstypically have long circulating half-lives in vivo. For example, IgGmolecules can have a half-life in humans of up to 23 days. The Fcportion of the immunoglobulin is responsible, in part, for this in vivostability. GLP-1-Fc fusion proteins take advantage of the stabilityprovided by the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin while preserving thebiological activity of the GLP-1 molecule.

Although this approach is feasible for GLP-1 therapeutics (See WO02/46227), there is a general concern regarding the antigenicity ofvarious fusion proteins when administered repeatedly over prolongedperiods of time. This is especially a concern for GLP-1-Fc fusiontherapeutics as a patient with diabetes must be treated for her entirelife once diagnosed with the disease. In addition, Fc fusion proteintherapeutics can be a concern if the Fc portion retains unwantedeffector functions.

The present invention seeks to overcome the problems associated with thepotential immunogenicity and effector activity associated withadministration of GLP-1-Fc fusions by identifying specific GLP-1-Fcfusion proteins that have a reduced risk of inducing an immune responseafter repeated and prolonged administration and no longer have effectorfunction. These specific fusion proteins have substitutions at variouspositions in the GLP-1 portion as well as the Fc portion of themolecule. The substitutions described herein provide increased potency,increased in vivo stability, elimination of effector function anddecreased likelihood the molecule will be recognized by the adaptiveelements of the immune system.

Compounds of the present invention include heterologous fusion proteinscomprising a GLP-1 analog comprising a sequence selected from the groupconsisting of a) His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:1)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly-Gly

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; b)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:2)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; c)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:3)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly-Pro

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; d)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:4)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; e)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:5)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; f)His-Xaa8-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:6)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val;

fused to the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin comprising the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:7 Ala-Glu-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Pro-Cys- (SEQ ID NO:7)Pro-Pro-Cys-Pro-Ala-Pro-Xaa ₁₆-Xaa ₁₇- Xaa₁₈-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Val-Phe-Leu- Phe-Pro-Pro-Lys-Pro-Lys-Asp-Thr-Leu-Met-Ile-Ser-Arg-Thr-Pro-Glu-Val-Thr-Cys-Val-Val-Val-Asp-Val-Ser-Gln-Glu-Asp-Pro-Glu-Val-Gln-Phe-Asn-Trp-Tyr-Val-Asp-Gly-Val-Glu-Val-His-Asn-Ala-Lys-Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Glu-Glu-Gln-Phe- Xaa ₈₀-Ser-Tbr-Tyr-Arg-Val-Val-Ser-Val-Leu-Thr-Val-Leu-His-Gln-Asp-Trp-Leu-Asn-Gly-Lys-Glu-Tyr-Lys-Cys-Lys-Val-Ser-Asn-Lys-Gly-Leu-Pro-Ser-Ser-Ile-Glu-Lys-Thr-Ile-Ser-Lys-Ala-Lys-Gly-Gln-Pro-Arg-Glu-Pro-Gln-Val-Tyr-Thr-Leu-Pro-Pro-Ser-Gln-Glu-Glu-Met-Thr-Lys-Asn-Gln-Val-Ser-Leu-Thr-Cys-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Ser-Asp-Ile-Ala-Val-Glu-Trp-Glu-Ser-Asn-Gly-Gln-Pro-Glu-Asn-Asn-Tyr-Lys-Thr-Thr-Pro-Pro-Val-Leu-Asp-Ser-Asp-Gly-Ser-Phe-Phe-Leu-Tyr-Ser-Arg-Leu-Tbr-Val-Asp-Lys-Ser-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Gly-Asn-Val-Phe-Ser-Cys-Ser-Val-Met-His-Glu-Ala-Leu-His-Asn-His-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Lys- Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu-Gly-Xaa ₂₃₀

wherein:

Xaa at position 16 is Pro or Glu;

Xaa at position 17 is Phe, Val, or Ala;

Xaa at position 18 is Leu, Glu, or Ala;

Xaa at position 80 is Asn or Ala; and

Xaa at position 230 is Lys or is absent.

The C-terminus of the GLP-1 analog portion and the N-terminus of the Fcportion of the heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention arepreferably fused together via 1, 1.5 or 2 repeats of a G-rich peptidelinker having the sequenceGly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ IDNO:8).

The present invention also includes polynucleotides encoding theheterologous fusion proteins of the present invention, as well asvectors and host cells comprising such polynucleotides. Methods oftreating patients suffering from non-insulin dependent as well asinsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, and various otherdisorders and conditions comprising administering the heterologousfusion proteins discussed herein are also encompassed by the presentinvention.

The heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention comprise aGLP-1 analog portion and an Fc portion. The GLP-1 analog portion and theFc portion comprise substitutions to the native GLP-1 sequence and thehuman IgG4 sequence respectively that provide the protein with increasedpotency and in vivo stability compared to native GLP-1 or GLP-1 analogsnot fused to an Fc sequence while decreasing the potential for inducingantibody formation after prolonged and repeated administration inhumans.

Native GLP-1 is processed in vivo such that the first 6 amino acids arecleaved from the molecule. Thus, by custom in the art, the aminoterminus of GLP-1 has been assigned the number 7 and thecarboxy-terminus, number 37. The other amino acids in the polypeptideare numbered consecutively as shown in SEQ ID NO:9. For example,position 8 is alanine and position 22 is glycine. The processed peptidemay be further modified in vivo such that the C-terminal glycine residueis removed and replaced with an amide group. Thus, GLP-1(7-37)OH andGLP-1(7-36)amide represent the two native forms of the molecule.GLP-1(7-37)OH has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9:⁷His-Ala-Glu-¹⁰Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:9)¹⁵Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-²⁰Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-²⁵Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-³⁰Ala- Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-³⁵Gly-Arg-³⁷Gly

The GLP-1 analog portion of the heterologous fusion protein comprisesthree primary substitutions at positions 8, 22, and 36 relative tonative GLP-1(7-37). The substitution at position 8 reduces the rate atwhich the endogenous enzyme dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inactivatesthe analog. DPP-IV cleaves native GLP-1 between the 2^(nd) and 3^(rd)amino acids (between position 8 and 9) and the resulting molecule isless active. Thus, the heterologous fusion proteins of the presentinvention are DPP-IV resistant. The substitution at position 22 reducesthe potential of the molecule to aggregate and increases the potency ofthe molecule. The substitution at position 36 in the context of theanalog with changes at 8 and 22 as well as in the context of the entirefusion protein reduces the risk that the fusion protein will induce aneutralizing immune response after repeated and prolonged administrationin humans.

The central event in the generation of both humoral and cell-mediatedimmune responses is the activation and clonal expansion of T-helper(T_(H)) cells. T_(H) cell activation is initiated by interaction of theT-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex with a processed antigenic peptidebound to a class I major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule in thepresence of an antigen-presenting cell (APC). Interaction of a T_(H)cell with antigen initiates a cascade of biochemical events that inducesthe resting T_(H) cell to enter the cell cycle (G₀ to G₁ transition).The activated T cell progresses through the cell cycle, proliferatingand differentiating into memory cells or effector cells.

The following sequence was analyzed to identify potential epitopes:His-Gly-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp- (SEQ ID NO:10)Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Ala-Glu- Ser-Lys-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Pro-Cys-Pro

This sequence is a GLP-1 analog sequence with changes at positions 8 and22 relative to the native sequence followed by 2 copies of a G-richlinker sequence followed by the first 10 amino acids of an Fc regionderived from human IgG4. Epitope as used herein refers to a region of aprotein molecule to which an antibody can bind. An immunogenic epitopeis defined as the part of the protein that elicits an antibody responsewhen the whole protein is the immunogen. Epitope mapping involved thescanning of sequences using a sliding nine amino acid window coupledwith advanced statistical analysis techniques to extract the informationcontained in these patterns. A proprietary software package known asEpiMatrix™ was used to analyze the sequence and identify peptides thatare highly likely to provoke an immune response when presented toT-cells. Eight highly common alleles were used in the analysis for ClassII MHC receptor interaction. These alleles included DRB1*0101,DRB1*0301, DRB1*0401, DRB1*0701, DRB1*0801, DRB1*1101, DRB1*1301, andDRB1*1501.

A strong epitope was predicted to be located at the junction of theC-terminus of the GLP-1 analog portion and the beginning of the linker.The sequence of this epitope is Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-Gly-Gly-Gly (SEQID NO:11) which interacts with DRB1*0801. The present inventionencompasses the discovery that this epitope can be eliminated bychanging the GLP-1 analog C-terminus to one of the following sequences:Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly-Gly; (SEQ ID NO:12) Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly;(SEQ ID NO:13) Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly-Pro; (SEQ ID NO:14)Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro; (SEQ ID NO:15) Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly;(SEQ ID NO:16) and Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly. (SEQ ID NO:17)

The heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention contain an Fcportion which is derived from human IgG4, but comprises one or moresubstitutions compared to the wild-type human sequence. As used herein,the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin has the meaning commonly given tothe term in the field of immunology. Specifically, this term refers toan antibody fragment which does not contain the two antigen bindingregions (the Fab fragments) from the antibody. The Fc portion consistsof the constant region of an antibody from both heavy chains, whichassociate through non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds. The Fcportion can include the hinge regions and extend through the CH2 and CH3domains to the c-terminus of the antibody. The Fc portion can furtherinclude one or more glycosylation sites.

There are five types of human immunoglobulins with different effectorfunctions and pharmcokinetic properties. IgG is the most stable of thefive types having a serum half-life in humans of about 23 days. Thereare four IgG subclasses (G1, G2, G3, and G4) each of which havedifferent biological functions known as effector functions. Theseeffector functions are generally mediated through interaction with theFc receptor (FcγR) or by binding C1q and fixing complement. Binding toFcγR can lead to antibody dependent cell mediated cytolysis, whereasbinding to complement factors can lead to complement mediated celllysis. In designing heterologous Fc fusion proteins wherein the Fcportion is being utilized solely for its ability to extend half-life, itis important to minimize any effector function. Thus, the heterologousfusion proteins of the present invention are derived from the human IgG4Fc region because of its reduced ability to bind FcγR and complementfactors compared to other IgG sub-types. IgG4, however, has been shownto deplete target cells in humans [Issacs et al., (1996) Clin. Exp.Immunol. 106:427-433]. Because the heterologous fusion proteins of thepresent invention target beta cells in the pancreas to induce insulinexpression, using an IgG4 derived region in an Fc fusion protein couldinitiate an immune response against the pancreateic beta cell throughinteraction of the fusion protein with the GLP-1 receptor present onpancreatic beta cells. Thus, the IgG4 Fc region which is part of theheterologous fusion proteins of the present invention containssubstitutions that eliminate effector function. The IgG4 Fc portion ofthe fusion proteins of the present invention may contain one or more ofthe following substitutions: substitution of proline for glutamate atresidue 233, alanine or valine for phenylalanine at residue 234 andalanine or glutamate for leucine at residue 235 (EU numbering, Kabat, E.A. et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5^(th)Ed. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Md., NIHPublication no. 91-3242). These residues corresponds to positions 16, 17and 18 in SEQ ID NO:7. Further, removing the N-linked glycosylation sitein the IgG4 Fc region by substituting Ala for Asn at residue 297 (EUnumbering) which corresponds to position 80 of SEQ ID NO:7 is anotherway to ensure that residual effector activity is eliminated in thecontext of a heterologous fusion protein.

In addition, the IgG4 Fc portion of the heterologous fusion proteins ofthe present invention contain a substitution that stabilizes heavy chaindimer formation and prevents the formation of half-IgG4 Fc chains. Theheterologous fusion proteins of the present invention preferably existas dimers joined together by disulfide bonds and various non-covalentinteractions. Wild-type IgG4 contains a Pro-Pro-Cys-Pro-Ser-Cys (SEQ IDNO:18) motif beginning at residue 224 (EU numbering). This motif in asingle GLP-1 analog-Fc chain forms disulfide bonds with thecorresponding motif in another GLP-1 analog-Fc chain. However, thepresence of serine in the motif causes the formation of single chainfusion proteins. The present invention encompasses heterologous Fcfusion proteins wherein the IgG4 sequence is further modified such thatserine at position at 228 (EU numbering) is substituted with proline(amino acid residue 11 in SEQ ID NO:7).

The C-terminal lysine residue present in the native molecule may bedeleted in the IgG4 derivative Fc portion of the heterologous fusionproteins discussed herein (position 230 of SEQ ID NO:7; deleted lysinereferred to as des-K). Fusion proteins expressed in some cell types(such as NS0 cells) wherein lysine is encoded by the C-terminal codonare heterogeneous in that a portion of the molecules have lysine as theC-terminal amino acid and a portion have lysine deleted. The deletion isdue to protease action during expression in some types of mammaliancells. Thus, to avoid this heterogeneity, it is preferred that Fc fusionexpression constructs lack a C-terminal codon for lysine.

It is preferred that the C-terminal amino acid of the GLP-1 analogportion discussed herein is fused to the N-terminus of the IgG4 Fcanalog portion via a glycine-rich linker. The in vivo function andstability of the heterologous fusion proteins of the present inventioncan be optimized by adding small peptide linkers to prevent potentiallyunwanted domain interactions. Further, a glycine-rich linker providessome structural flexibility such that the GLP-1 analog portion caninteract productively with the GLP-1 receptor on target cells such asthe beta cells of the pancreas. These linkers, however, cansignificantly increase the risk that the fusion protein will beimmunogenic in vivo. Thus, it is preferred that the length be no longerthan necessary to prevent unwanted domain interactions and/or optimizebiological activity and/or stability. The preferred glycine-rich linkercomprises the sequence:Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ IDNO:8). Although more copies of this linker may be used in theheterologous fusion proteins of the present invention, it is preferredthat a single copy of this linker be used to minimize the risk ofimmunogenicity associated with prolonged and repeated administration.

Preferred GLP-1-Fc heterologous fusion proteins of the present inventioninclude the following proteins: Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4(S228P), Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A),Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A), andGly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A), andthe Val⁸ and des-K forms of all of the above.

The nomenclature used herein to refer to specific heterologous fusionproteins is defined as follows: Specific substitutions to the GLP-1portion of the fusion protein are indicated using the specific aminoacid being substituted followed by the residue number. GLP-1(7-37)indicates that the GLP-1 portion of the mature fusion protein beginswith His at position 7 and ends with Gly at position 37. L refers to alinker with the sequenceGly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ IDNO:8). The number immediately preceding the L refers to the number oflinkers separating the GLP-1 portion from the Fc portion. A linkerspecified as 1.5L refers to the sequenceGly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser(SEQ ID NO:19) IgG4 refers to an analog of the human IgG4 Fc sequencespecified as SEQ ID NO:7. Substitutions in the IgG4 Fc portion of theheterologous fusion protein are indicated in parenthesis. The wild-typeamino acid is specified by its common abbreviation followed by theposition number in the context of the entire IgG4 sequence using the EUnumbering system followed by the amino acid being substituted at thatposition specified by its common abbreviation.

Although the heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention canbe made by a variety of different methods, because of the size of thefusion protein, recombinant methods are preferred. For purposes of thepresent invention, as disclosed and claimed herein, the followinggeneral molecular biology terms and abbreviations are defined below.

“Base pair” or “bp” as used herein refers to DNA or RNA. Theabbreviations A,C,G, and T correspond to the 5′-monophosphate forms ofthe deoxyribonucleosides (deoxy)adenosine, (deoxy)cytidine,(deoxy)guanosine, and thymidine, respectively, when they occur in DNAmolecules. The abbreviations U,C,G, and A correspond to the5′-monophosphate forms of the ribonucleosides uridine, cytidine,guanosine, and adenosine, respectively when they occur in RNA molecules.In double stranded DNA, base pair may refer to a partnership of A with Tor C with G. In a DNA/RNA, heteroduplex base pair may refer to apartnership of A with U or C with G. (See the definition of“complementary”, infra.)

“Digestion” or “Restriction” of DNA refers to the catalytic cleavage ofthe DNA with a restriction enzyme that acts only at certain sequences inthe DNA (“sequence-specific endonucleases”). The various restrictionenzymes used herein are commercially available and their reactionconditions, cofactors, and other requirements were used as would beknown to one of ordinary skill in the art. Appropriate buffers andsubstrate amounts for particular restriction enzymes are specified bythe manufacturer or can be readily found in the literature.

“Ligation” refers to the process of forming phosphodiester bondsbetween, two double stranded nucleic acid fragments. Unless otherwiseprovided, ligation may be accomplished using known buffers andconditions with a DNA ligase, such as T4 DNA ligase.

“Plasmid” refers to an extrachromosomal (usually) self-replicatinggenetic element.

“Recombinant DNA cloning vector” as used herein refers to anyautonomously replicating agent, including, but not limited to, plasmidsand phages, comprising a DNA molecule to which one or more additionalDNA segments can or have been added.

“Recombinant DNA expression vector” as used herein refers to anyrecombinant DNA cloning vector in which a promoter to controltranscription of the inserted DNA has been incorporated.

“Transcription” refers to the process whereby information contained in anucleotide sequence of DNA is transferred to a complementary RNAsequence.

“Transfection” refers to the uptake of an expression vector by a hostcell whether or not any coding sequences are, in fact, expressed.Numerous methods of transfection are known to the ordinarily skilledartisan, for example, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, liposometransfection, and electroporation. Successful transfection is generallyrecognized when any indication of the operation of this vector occurswithin the host cell.

“Transformation” refers to the introduction of DNA into an organism sothat the DNA is replicable, either as an extrachromosomal element or bychromosomal integration. Methods of transforming bacterial andeukaryotic hosts are well known in the art, many of which methods, suchas nuclear injection, protoplast fusion or by calcium treatment usingcalcium chloride are summarized in J. Sambrook, et al., MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual, (1989). Generally, when introducing DNAinto Yeast the term transformation is used as opposed to the termtransfection.

“Translation” as used herein refers to the process whereby the geneticinformation of messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify and direct thesynthesis of a polypeptide chain.

“Vector” refers to a nucleic acid compound used for the transfectionand/or transformation of cells in gene manipulation bearingpolynucleotide sequences corresponding to appropriate protein moleculeswhich, when combined with appropriate control sequences, confersspecific properties on the host cell to be transfected and/ortransformed. Plasmids, viruses, and bacteriophage are suitable vectors.Artificial vectors are constructed by cutting and joining DNA moleculesfrom different sources using restriction enzymes and ligases. The term“vector” as used herein includes Recombinant DNA cloning vectors andRecombinant DNA expression vectors.

“Complementary” or “Complementarity”, as used herein, refers to pairs ofbases (purines and pyrimidines) that associate through hydrogen bondingin a double stranded nucleic acid. The following base pairs arecomplementary: guanine and cytosine; adenine and thymine; and adenineand uracil.

“Primer” refers to a nucleic acid fragment which functions as aninitiating substrate for enzymatic or synthetic elongation.

“Promoter” refers to a DNA sequence which directs transcription of DNAto RNA.

“Probe” refers to a nucleic acid compound or a fragment, thereof, whichhybridizes with another nucleic acid compound.

“Leader sequence” refers to a sequence of amino acids which can beenzymatically or chemically removed to produce the desired polypeptideof interest.

“Secretion signal sequence” refers to a sequence of amino acidsgenerally present at the N-terminal region of a larger polypeptidefunctioning to initiate association of that polypeptide with the cellmembrane compartments like endoplasmic reticulum and secretion of thatpolypeptide through the plasma membrane.

Wild-type human IgG4 proteins can be obtained from a variety of sources.For example, these proteins can be obtained from a cDNA library preparedfrom cells which express the mRNA of interest at a detectable level.Libraries can be screened with probes designed using the published DNAor protein sequence for the particular protein of interest. For example,immunoglobulin light or heavy chain constant regions are described inAdams, et al. (1980) Biochemistry 19:2711-2719; Goughet, et al. (1980)Biochemistry 19:2702-2710; Dolby, et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 77:6027-6031; Rice et al. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA79:7862-7862; Falkner, et al. (1982) Nature 298:286-288; and Morrison,et al. (1984) Ann. Rev. Immunol. 2:239-256.

Screening a cDNA or genomic library with the selected probe may beconducted using standard procedures, such as described in Sambrook etal., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, NY (1989). An alternative means to isolate a geneencoding an immunoglobulin protein is to use PCR methodology [Sambrooket al., supra; Dieffenbach et al., PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY (1995)]. PCR primers can be designedbased on published sequences.

Generally the full-length wild-type sequences cloned from a particularlibrary can serve as a template to create the IgG4 Fc analog fragmentsof the present invention that retain the ability to confer a longerplasma half-life on the GLP-1 analog that is part of the fusion protein.The IgG4 Fc analog fragments can be generated using PCR techniques withprimers designed to hybridize to sequences corresponding to the desiredends of the fragment. PCR primers can also be designed to createrestriction enzyme sites to facilitate cloning into expression vectors.

DNA encoding the GLP-1 analogs of the present invention can be made by avariety of different methods including cloning methods like thosedescribed above as well as chemically synthesized DNA. Chemicalsynthesis may be attractive given the short length of the encodedpeptide. The amino acid sequence for GLP-1 has been published as well asthe sequence of the preproglucagon gene. [Lopez, et al. (1983) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 80:5485-5489; Bell, et al. (1983) Nature,302:716-718; Heinrich, G., et al. (1984) Endocrinol, 115:2176-2181;Ghiglione, M., et al. 91984) Diabetologia 27:599-600]. Thus, primers canbe designed based on the native sequence to generate DNA encoding theGLP-1 analogs described herein.

The gene encoding a fusion protein can then be constructed by ligatingDNA encoding a GLP-1 analog in-frame to DNA encoding the IgG Fc proteinsdescribed herein. The DNA encoding wild-type GLP-1 and IgG4 Fc fragmentscan be mutated either before ligation or in the context of a cDNAencoding an entire fusion protein. A variety of mutagenesis techniquesare well known in the art. The gene encoding the GLP-1 analog and thegene encoding the IgG4 Fc analog protein can also be joined in-frame viaDNA encoding a G-rich linker peptide. A preferred DNA sequence encodingone of the preferred heterologous fusion proteins of the presentinvention, Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A,des K), is provided as SEQ ID NO:20:CACGGCGAGGGCACCTTCACCTCCGACGTGTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO:20)TATCTCGAGGAGCAGGCCGCCAAGGAATTCATCGCCTGGCTGGTGAAGGGCGGCGGCGGTGGTGGTGGCTCCGGAGGCGGCGGCTCTGGTGGCGGTGGCAGCGCTGAGTCCAAATATGGTCCCCCATGCCCACCCTGCCCAGCACCTGAGGCCGCCGGGGGACCATCAGTCTTCCTGTTCCCCCCAAAACCCAAGGACACTCTCATGATCTCCCGGACCCCTGAGGTCACGTGCGTGGTGGTGGACGTGAGCCAGGAAGACCCCGAGGTCCAGTTCAACTGGTACGTGGATGGCGTGGAGGTGCATAATGCCAAGACAAAGCCGCGGGAGGAGCAGTTCAACAGCACGTACCGTGTGGTCAGCGTCCTCACCGTCCTGCACCAGGACTGGCTGAACGGCAAGGAGTACAAGTGCAAGGTCTCCAACAAAGGCCTCCCGTCCTCCATCGAGAAAACCATCTCCAAAGCCAAAGGGCAGCCCCGAGAGCCACAGGTGTACACCCTGCCCCCATCCCAGGAGGAGATGACCAAGAACCAGGTCAGCCTGACCTGCCTGGTCAAAGGCTTCTACCCCAGCGACATCGCCGTGGAGTGGGAAAGCAATGGGCAGCCGGAGAACAACTACAAGACCACGCCTCCCGTGCTGGACTCCGACGGCTCCTTCTTCCTCTACAGCAGGCTAACCGTGGACAAGAGCAGGTGGCAGGAGGGGAATGTCTTCTCATGCTCCGTGATGCATGAGGCTCTGCACAACCAC TACACACAGAAGAGCCTCTCCCTGTCTCTGGGT

Host cells are transfected or transformed with expression or cloningvectors described herein for heterologous fusion protein production andcultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate forinducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genesencoding the desired sequences. The culture conditions, such as media,temperature, pH and the like, can be selected by the skilled artisanwithout undue experimentation. In general, principles, protocols, andpractical techniques for maximizing the productivity of cell culturescan be found in Mammalian Cell Biotechnology: A Practical Approach, M.Butler, ed. (IRL Press, 1991) and Sambrook, et al., supra. Methods oftransfection are known to the ordinarily skilled artisan, for example,CaPO₄ and electroporation. General aspects of mammalian cell host systemtransformations have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,216.Transformations into yeast are typically carried out according to themethod of van Solingen et al., J Bact. 130(2): 946-7 (1977) and Hsiao etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76(8): 3829-33 (1979). However, othermethods for introducing DNA into cells, such as by nuclearmicroinjection, electroporation, bacterial protoplast fusion with intactcells, or polycations, e.g., polybrene or polyomithine, may also beused. For various techniques for transforming mammalian cells, seeKeown, et al., Methods in Enzymology 185: 527-37 (1990) and Mansour, etal., Nature 336(6197): 348-52 (1988).

Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the nucleic acid (e.g.,DNA) in the vectors herein include yeast or higher eukaryote cells.

Eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitablecloning or expression hosts for fusion protein vectors. Saccharomycescerevisiae is a commonly used lower eukaryotic host microorganism.Others include Schizosaccharomyces pombe [Beach and Nurse, Nature 290:140-3 (1981); EP 139,383 published 2 May 1995]; Muyveromyces hosts [U.S.Pat. No. 4,943,529; Fleer, et al., Bio/Technology 9(10): 968-75 (1991)]such as, e.g., K lactis (MW98-8C, CBS683, CBS4574) [de Louvencourt etal., J. Bacteriol. 154(2): 737-42 (1983)]; K. fiagilis (ATCC 12,424), K.bulgaricus (ATCC 16,045), K wickeramii (ATCC 24,178), K waltii (ATCC56,500), K. drosophilarum (ATCC 36.906) [Van den Berg et al.,Bio/Technology 8(2): 135-9 (1990)]; K. thermotoierans, and K. marxianus;yarrowia (EP 402,226); Pichia pastoris (EP 183,070) [Sreekrishna et al.,J. Basic Microbiol. 28(4): 265-78 (1988)]; Candid; Trichoderma reesia(EP 244,234); Neurospora crassa [Case, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 76(10): 5259-63 (1979)]; Schwanniomyces such as Schwanniomycesoccidentulis (EP 394,538 published 31 Oct. 1990); and filamentous fungisuch as, e.g., Neurospora, Penicillium, Tolypocladium (WO 91/00357published 10 Jan. 1991), and Aspergillus hosts such as A. nidulans[Ballance et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 112(1): 284-9 (1983)];Tilburn, et al., Gene 26(2-3): 205-21 (1983); Yelton, et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81(5): 14704 (1984)) and A. niger [Kelly and Hynes,EMBO J. 4(2): 475-9 (1985)]. Methylotropic yeasts are selected from thegenera consisting of Hansenula, Candida, Kloeckera, Pichia,Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, and Rhodotoruia. A list of specific speciesthat are exemplary of this class of yeast may be found in C. Antony, TheBiochemistry of Methylotrophs 269 (1982).

Suitable host cells for the expression of the fusion proteins of thepresent invention are derived from multicellular organisms. Examples ofinvertebrate cells include insect cells such as Drosophila S2 andSpodoptera Sp, Spodoptera highS as well as plant cells. Examples ofuseful mammalian host cell lines include NSO myeloma cells, Chinesehamster ovary (CHO), SP2, and COS cells. More specific examples includemonkey kidney CVl line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); humanembryonic kidney line [293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth insuspension culture, Graham, et al., J. Gen Virol., 36(1): 59-74 (1977)];Chinese hamster ovary cells/-DHFR [CHO, Urlaub and Chasin, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA, 77(7): 4216-20 (1980)]; mouse sertoli cells [TM4,Mather, Biol. Reprod. 23(1):243-52 (1980)]; human lung cells (W138. ATCCCCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065); and mouse mammary tumor(MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51). A preferred cell, line for production of theFc fusion proteins of the present invention is the NS0 myeloma cell lineavailable from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, catalog#85110503) and described in Galfre, G. and Milstein, C. ((1981) Methodsin Enzymology 73(13):346; and Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies:Strategies and Procedures, Academic Press, N.Y., N.Y.).

The fusion proteins of the present invention may be recombinantlyproduced directly, or as a protein having a signal sequence or otheradditional sequences which create a specific cleavage site at theN-terminus of the mature fusion protein. In general, the signal sequencemay be a component of the vector, or it may be a part of the fusionprotein-encoding DNA that is inserted into the vector. For yeastsecretion the signal sequence may be, e.g., the yeast invertase leader,alpha factor leader (including Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces cc-factorleaders, the latter described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,182), or acidphosphatase leader, the C. albicans glucoamylase leader (EP 362,179), orthe signal described in WO 90/13646. In mammalian cell expression,mammalian signal sequences may be used to direct secretion of theprotein, such as signal sequences from secreted polypeptides of the sameor related species as well as viral secretory leaders.

Both expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence thatenables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells.Expression and cloning vectors will typically contain a selection gene,also termed a selectable marker. Typical selection genes encode proteinsthat (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g.,neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement autotrophicdeficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available fromcomplex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli.

An example of suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells are thosethat enable the identification of cells competent to take up the fusionprotein-encoding nucleic acid, such as DHFR or thymidine kinase. Anappropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the CHO cellline deficient in DHFR activity, prepared and propagated as described[Urlaub and Chasin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77(7): 4216-20 (1980)).A suitable selection gene for use in yeast is the trp1 gene present inthe yeast plasmid YRp7 [Stinchcomb, et al., Nature 282(5734): 39-43(1979); Kingsman, et al., Gene 7(2): 141-52 (1979); Tschumper, et al.,Gene 10(2): 157-66 (1980)]. The trp1 gene provides a selection markerfor a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan,for example, ATCC No. 44076 or PEPC1 [Jones, Genetics 85: 23-33 (1977)].

Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter operablylinked to the fusion protein-encoding nucleic acid sequence to directmRNA synthesis. Promoters recognized by a variety of potential hostcells are well known. Examples of suitable promoting sequences for usewith yeast hosts include the promoters for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase[Hitzeman, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255(24): 12073-80 (1980)] or otherglycolytic enzymes [Hess et al., J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7: 149 (1968);Holland, Biochemistry 17(23): 4900-7 (1978)], such as enolase,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvatedecarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase,3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase,phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase. Other yeast promoters, whichare inducible promoters having the additional advantage of transcriptioncontrolled by growth conditions, are the promoter regions for alcoholdehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymesassociated with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein,glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible formaltose and galactose utilization. Suitable vectors and promoters foruse in yeast expression are further described in EP 73,657.Transcription of fusion protein-encoding mRNA from vectors in mammalianhost cells may be controlled, for example, by promoters obtained fromthe genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus(such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus,cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and Simian Virus 40(SV40), from heterologous mammalian promoters, e.g., the actin promoteror an immunoglobulin promoter, and from heat-shock promoters, providedsuch promoters are compatible with the host cell systems.

Transcription of a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein by highereukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into thevector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10to 300 bp, that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Manyenhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes (globin, elastase,albumin, a-ketoprotein, and insulin). Typically, however, one will usean enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus. Examples include the SV40enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp 100-270), thecytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on thelate side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers. Theenhancer may be spliced into the vector at a position 5′ or 3′ to thefusion protein coding sequence but is preferably located at a site 5′from the promoter.

Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells (yeast, fungi, insect,plant, animal, human, or nucleated cells from other multicellularorganisms) will also contain sequences necessary for the termination oftranscription and for stabilizing the mRNA. Such sequences are commonlyavailable from the 5′ and occasionally 3′ untranslated regions ofeukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs. These regions contain nucleotidesegments transcribed as polyadenylated fragments in the untranslatedportion of the mRNA encoding the fusion protein.

Various forms of a fusion protein may be recovered from culture mediumor from host cell lysates. If membrane-bound, it can be released fromthe membrane using a suitable detergent solution (e.g., Triton-X 100) orby enzymatic cleavage. Cells employed in expression of a fusion proteincan be disrupted by various physical or chemical means, such asfreeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or cell lysingagents.

Once the heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention areexpressed in the appropriate host cell, the analogs can be isolated andpurified. The following procedures are exemplary of suitablepurification procedures: fractionation on carboxymethyl cellulose; gelfiltration such as Sephadex G-75; anion exchange resin such as DEAE orMono-Q; cation exchange such as CM or Mono-S; metal chelating columns tobind epitope-tagged forms of the polypeptide; reversed-phase HPLC;chromatofocusing; silica gel; ethanol precipitation; and ammoniumsulfate precipitation.

Various methods of protein purification may be employed and such methodsare known in the art and described, for example, in Deutscher, Methodsin Enzymology 182: 83-9 (1990) and Scopes, Protein Purification:Principles and Practice, Springer-Verlag, NY (1982). The purificationstep(s) selected will depend on the nature of the production processused and the particular fusion protein produced. For example, fusionproteins comprising an Fc fragment can be effectively purified using aProtein A or Protein G affinity matrix. Low or high pH buffers can beused to elute the fusion protein from the affinity matrix. Mild elutionconditions will aid in preventing irreversible denaturation of thefusion protein.

The heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention may beformulated with one or more excipients. The fusion proteins of thepresent invention may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptablebuffer, and the pH adjusted to provide acceptable stability, and a pHacceptable for administration such as parenteral administration.Optionally, one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable anti-microbialagents may be added. Meta-cresol and phenol are preferredpharmaceutically-acceptable microbial agents. One or morepharmaceutically-acceptable salts may be added to adjust the ionicstrength or tonicity. One or more excipients may be added to furtheradjust the isotonicity of the formulation. Glycerin is an example of anisotonicity-adjusting excipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable meanssuitable for administration to a human or other animal and thus, doesnot contain toxic elements or undesirable contaminants and does notinterfere with the activity of the active compounds therein.

The heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention may beformulated as a solution formulation or as a lyophilized powder that canbe reconstituted with an appropriate diluent. A lyophilized dosage formis one in which the fusion protein is stable, with or without bufferingcapacity to maintain the pH of the solution over the intended in-useshelf-life of the reconstituted product. It is preferable that thesolution comprising the heterologous fusion proteins discussed hereinbefore lyphilization be substantially isotonic to enable formation ofisotonic solutions after reconstitution.

A pharmaceutically-acceptable salt form of the heterologous fusionproteins of the present invention are within the scope of the invention.Acids commonly employed to form acid addition salts are inorganic acidssuch as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydriodic acid, sulfuricacid, phosphoric acid, and the like, and organic acids such asp-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid,p-bromophenyl-sulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid,benzoic acid, acetic acid, and the like. Preferred acid addition saltsare those formed with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid andhydrobromic acid.

Base addition salts include those derived from inorganic bases, such asammonium or alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates,bicarbonates, and the like. Such bases useful in preparing the salts ofthis invention thus include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,ammonium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, and the like.

The heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention havebiological activity. Biological activity refers to the ability of thefusion protein to bind to and activate the GLP-1 receptor in vivo andelicit a response. Responses include, but are not limited to, secretionof insulin, suppression of glucagon, inhibition of appetite, weightloss, induction of satiety, inhibition of apoptosis, induction ofpancreatic beta cell proliferation, and differentiation of pancreaticbeta cells. A representative number of GLP-1 fusion proteins were testedfor in vitro as well as in vivo activity. Examples 1 and 2 provide invitro activity based on the ability of the fusion protein to interactwith and activate the human GLP-1 receptor. In both sets of experiments,HEK293 cells over-expressing the human GLP-1 receptor were used.Activation of the GLP-1 receptor in these cells causes adenylyl cyclaseactivation which in turn induces expression of a reporter gene driven bya cyclic AMP response element (CRE). Example 1 (table 1) provides datawherein the reporter gene is beta lactamase, and example 2 (table 2)provides data wherein the reporter gene is luciferase. Example 3provides data generated after administration of one of the heterologousfusion proteins of the present invention to rats. Together the data showthat the fusion proteins are able to bind to and activate the GLP-1receptor and appear more potent in vitro than Val⁸-GLP-1(7-37)OH. Inaddition, the data generated in rats indicate the fusion proteins areactive in vivo and have a longer half-life than native GLP-1.

Administration of the heterogeneous fusion proteins may be via any routeknown to be effective by the physician of ordinary skill. Peripheralparenteral is one such method. Parenteral administration is commonlyunderstood in the medical literature as the injection of a dosage forminto the body by a sterile syringe or some other mechanical device suchas an infusion pump. Peripheral parenteral routes can includeintravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes ofadministration.

The heterologous fusion proteins of the present invention may also beamenable to administration by oral, rectal, nasal, or lower respiratoryroutes, which are non-parenteral routes. Of these non-parenteral routes,the lower respiratory route and the oral route are preferred.

The fusion proteins of the present invention can be used to treat a widevariety of diseases and conditions. The fusion proteins of the presentinvention primarily exert their biological effects by acting at areceptor referred to as the “GLP-1 receptor.” Subjects with diseasesand/or conditions that respond favorably to GLP-1 receptor stimulationor to the administration of GLP-1 compounds can therefore be treatedwith the GLP-1 fusion proteins of the present invention. These subjectsare said to “be in need of treatment with GLP-1 compounds” or “in needof GLP-1 receptor stimulation”. Included are subjects with non-insulindependent diabetes, insulin dependent diabetes, stroke (see WO00/16797), myocardial infarction (see WO 98/08531), obesity (see WO98/19698), catabolic changes after surgery (see U.S. Pat. No.6,006,753), functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (see WO99/64060). Also included are subjects requiring prophylactic treatmentwith a GLP-1 compound, e.g., subjects at risk for developing non-insulindependent diabetes (see WO 00/07617). Subjects with impaired glucosetolerance or impaired fasting glucose, subjects whose body weight isabout 25% above normal body weight for the subject's height and bodybuild, subjects with a partial pancreatectomy, subjects having one ormore parents with non-insulin dependent diabetes, subjects who have hadgestational diabetes and subjects who have had acute or chronicpancreatitis are at risk for developing non-insulin dependent diabetes.

An effective amount of the GLP-1-Fc fusion proteins described herein isthe quantity which results in a desired therapeutic and/or prophylacticeffect without causing unacceptable side-effects when administered to asubject in need of GLP-1 receptor stimulation. A “desired therapeuticeffect” includes one or more of the following: 1) an amelioration of thesymptom(s) associated with the disease or condition; 2) a delay in theonset of symptoms associated with the disease or condition; 3) increasedlongevity compared with the absence of the treatment; and 4) greaterquality of life compared with the absence of the treatment. For example,an “effective amount” of a GLP-1-Fc fusion protein for the treatment ofdiabetes is the quantity that would result in greater control of bloodglucose concentration than in the absence of treatment, therebyresulting in a delay in the onset of diabetic complications such asretinopathy, neuropathy or kidney disease. An “effective amount” of aGLP-1-Fc fusion protein for the prevention of diabetes is the quantitythat would delay, compared with the absence of treatment, the onset ofelevated blood glucose levels that require treatment withanti-hypoglycaemic drugs such as sulfonyl ureas, thiazolidinediones,insulin and/or bisguanidines.

The dose of fusion protein effective to normalize a patient's bloodglucose will depend on a number of factors, among which are included,without limitation, the subject's sex, weight and age, the severity ofinability to regulate blood glucose, the route of administration andbioavailability, the pharmacokinetic profile of the fusion protein, thepotency, and the formulation. Doses may be in the range of 0.01 to 1mg/kg body weight, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight.

It is preferable that the fusion proteins of the present invention beadministered either once every two weeks or once a week. Depending onthe disease being treated, it may be necessary to administer the fusionprotein more frequently such as two to three time per week.

The present invention will now be described only by way of non-limitingexample with reference to the following Examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 In Vitro GLP-1 Receptor Activation Assay

HEK-293 cells expressing the human GLP-1 receptor, using a CRE-BLAMsystem, are seeded at 20,000 to 40,000 cells/well/100 μl DMEM mediumwith 10% FBS into a poly-d-lysine coated 96 well black, clear-bottomplate. The day after seeding, the medium is flicked off and 80 μlplasma-free DMEM medium is added. On the third day after seeding, 20 μlof plasma-free DMEM medium with 0.5% BSA containing differentconcentrations of various GLP-1-Fc heterologous fusion protein is addedto each well to generate a dose response curve. Generally, fourteendilutions containing from 3 nanomolar to 30 nanomolar or heterologousGLP-1 Fc fusion protein are used to generate a dose response curve fromwhich EC₅₀ values can be determined. After 5 hours of incubation withthe fusion protein, 20 μl of β-lactamase substrate (CCF2/AM, PanVeraLLC) is added and incubation continued for 1 hour at which timefluorescence is determined on a cytofluor. The assay is furtherdescribed in Zlokarnik, et al. (1998), Science, 278:84-88. VariousGLP-1-Fc fusion proteins are tested and EC₅₀ values are represented inTable 1. The values are relative to values determined forVal⁸-GLP-1(7-37)OH which is run as an internal control with everyexperiment. TABLE 1 Activ- Std. Compound ity Dev. Val⁸-GLP-1: 100%Gly⁸-Glu²²-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4(S228P, F234A, 301% 99 L235A):Gly⁸-Glu²²-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4(S228P, F234A, 314% 45 L235A):Gly⁸-Glu²²-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4(S228P, F234A, 468% 120 L235A):Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4(S228P, 441% 35 F234A, L235A):

Example 2 In Vitro GLP-1 Receptor Activation Assay

HEK-293 cells stably expressing the human GLP-1 receptor, using aCRE-Luciferase system, are seeded at 30,000 cells/well/80 μl low serumDMEM F12 medium into 96 well plates. The day after seeding, 20 μlaliquots of test protein dissolved in 0.5% BSA are mixed and incubatedwith the cells for 5 hours. Generally 12 dilutions containing from 3 pMto 3 nM are prepared at a 5× concentration for each test protein beforeaddition to the cells to generate a dose response curve from which EC₅₀values are determined. After incubation, 100 μl of Luciferase reagent isadded directly to each plate and mixed gently for 2 minutes. Plates areplaced in a Tri-lux luminometer and light output resulting fromluciferase expression is calculated. Various GLP-1-Fc fusion proteinsare tested and EC₅₀ values are represented in Table 2. The values arerelative to values determined for Val⁸-GLP-1(7-37)OH which is run as aninternal control with every experiment. Because the fusion proteinstested below are dimers, values are corrected taking into account a2-fold difference in molarity. TABLE 2 Activ- Std. Compound ity Dev.Val⁸-GLP-1: 100% Gly⁸-Glu²²-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4(S228P, F234A, 535% 240L235A): Gly⁸-Glu²²-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4(S228P, F234A, 595% 43 L235A):Gly⁸-Glu²²-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4(S228P, F234A, 1119%  128 L235A):Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4(S228P, 398% 62 F234A, L235A):Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4(S228P, 417% 140 F234A, L235A):

Example 3 Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test in Rats

The Fc fusion protein, Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-L-IgG4(S228P,F234A,L235A), is evaluated in an intravenous glucose tolerancetest (IVGTT) in rats. At least four rats are included into each of threegroups. Group I receives vehicle (table 3), Group II receives 1.79 mg/kgof Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-L-IgG4 (S228P,F234A,L235A) as a singlesubcutaneous injection (table 4), and Group III receives 0.179 mg/kg ofGly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-L-IgG4 (S228P,F234A,L235A) as a singlesubcutaneous injection (table 5). Rats are subcutaneously injected themorning of Day 1. Twenty-four hours following the first injection, 1 μLof glucose (D50) per gram rat body weight is infused as a bolus. Bloodsamples are taken at 2, 4, 6, 10, 20, and 30 minutes following the bolusinfusion of glucose. TABLE 3 Rat 1 Rat 2 Rat 3 Rat 4 Rat 5 Vehicle:Insulin AUC (ng*min/mL) Average SEM 0-2 11 9.4 7 11 9.6 2-4 18.1 9.7 5.610.6 8.8 4-6 13.4 7 3.4 9.6 5.9  6-10 7.9 3.5 2.5 6 2.9 10-20 3.7 3 2.43 2.4 20-30 2 0 0 0 2.4 sum 56.1 32.6 20.9 40.2 32 36.4 5.8

TABLE 4 GLP-1-Fc Rat 1 Rat 2 Rat 3 Rat 4 Rat 5 (1.79 mg/kg) Insulin AUC(ng*min/mL) Average SEM 0-2 12.3 17.4 16 14 13 2-4 21.9 13.3 13.2 13.913.6 4-6 16.8 6.5 9.8 11.1 11.7  6-10 7.6 3.8 9.2 5.8 7.4 10-20 3 0 03.2 5.6 20-30 0 0 0 0 0 sum 61.6 41 48.2 48 51.3 50 3.4

TABLE 5 GLP-1-Fc Rat 1 Rat 2 Rat 3 Rat 4 (0.179 mg/kg) Insulin AUC(ng*min/mL) Average SEM 0-2 14.4 29.2 25.4 23.2 2-4 13.8 26.3 21.2 21.84-6 11.2 19.4 16.4 15.7  6-10 6.4 10.6 10.5 8 10-20 3.6 5.8 5.2 5 20-300 0 0 0 sum 49.4 91.3 78.7 73.7 78.7 8.7

Example 4 Pharmacokinetic Study Following a Single SubcutaneousInjection to Cynomolgus Monkeys

A study is performed to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the Fcfusion protein, Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly⁶″-GLP-1(7-37)-L-IgG4 (S228P,F234A,L235A),when administered as a 0.1 mg/kg by subcutaneous (SC) injection to malecynomolgus monkeys. RIA antibody is specific for the middle portion ofGLP. ELISA uses an N-terminus specific capture antibody and an Fcspecific detection antibody. Resulting plasma concentrations from boththe ELISA and the RIA are used to determine the representedpharmacokinetic parameter values. A representation of the resulting PKparameter values is summarized in table 6.

Single-dose SC PK from the RIA is associated with a mean C_(max) of446.7 ng/mL with a corresponding T_(max) of 17.3 hours. The meanelimination half-life is approximately 79.3 hours (3.3 days). The PKfrom the ELISA is associated with a mean C_(max) of 292.2 ng/mL with acorresponding T_(max) of 16.7 hours. The mean elimination half-life isapproximately 51.6 hours (2.2 days). TABLE 6 C_(max) ^(a) CL/F^(e) DoseAnimal (ng/ T_(max) ^(b) AUC_(0-∞) ^(c) t_(1/2) ^(d) (mL/ Vss/F^(f)(mg/kg) # mL) (h) (ng*h/mL) (h) h/kg) (mL/kg) RIA 0.1 96051 461.0 4.037770.5 81.0 2.7 309.2 96071 430.0 24.0 43150.2 74.2 2.3 248.1 96091449.0 24.0 62271.1 82.9 1.6 191.9 RIA Mean 446.7 17.3 47730.6 79.3 2.2249.8 SD 15.6 11.5 12876.5 4.5 0.5 58.7 ELISA 96051 315.4 2.0 9062.355.2 11.0 879.4 96071 289.4 24.0 16653.0 50.3 6.0 436.0 96091 271.9 24.019907.4 49.3 5.0 357.0 ELISA Mean 292.2 16.7 15207.6 51.6 7.3 557.5 SD21.9 12.7 5565.2 3.2 3.2 281.6^(a)Maximum observed plasma concentration.^(b)Time of maximum observed plasma concentration.^(c)Area under the plasma concentration-time curve measured from 0 toinfinity.^(d)Elimination half-life.^(e)Total body clearance as a function of bioavailability.^(f)Volume of distribution as a function of bioavailability.SD = Standard deviation.

Example 5 Assessment of the Potential Formation of Antibodies FollowingRepeat Subcutanesous Injections

Designated serum samples from cynomolgus monkeys are tested for theformation of antibodies against Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-L-IgG4(S228P,F234A,L235A) using a direct ELISA format. Microtiter plates arecoated with Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-L-IgG4 (S228P,F234A,L235A) at a0.1 μg/mL concentration. Monkey serum samples are diluted 50, 500, 1000and 5000 fold into blocking solution, and 0.05 mL sample/well areincubated approximately one hour. Secondary antibody, Goat <HumanFab′2>-Peroxidase (with 75% cross reactivity to human), is diluted10,000 fold into block and added at 0.05 ml/well and incubatedapproximately one hour. Color development using tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) substrate is read at an optical density of 450 nm-630 nm.Duplicate readings are averaged. A GLP-1 antibody was used as a positivecontrol and goat<rabbit>(H+L)-Peroxidase conjugate is the secondary usedfor detection. Point serum samples are collected prior to dosing, at 24hours following the second dose, and 168 hours following the first andsecond SC dose for an evaluation of potential immunogenicity. Thepresence of antibody titers to G8E22-CEX-L-hIgG4 is interpreted bycomparison to predose serum samples and positive control. Arepresentation of the results is presented in table 7. TABLE 7 Dose 1Positive Animal# Control IO7774 IO7777 IO7779 IO7780 Sample Time:Predose 168 h Predose 168 h Predose 168 h Predose 168 h 50× 2.854 0.2680.268 0.160 0.128 0.144 0.152 0.264 0.224 500× 2.270 0.117 0.133 0.0520.069 0.065 0.061 0.067 0.061 1000× 1.610 0.091 0.075 0.034 0.051 0.0470.045 0.138 0.049 5000× 0.525 0.056 0.048 0.032 0.037 0.029 0.033 0.0510.039 Dose 2 Positive Animal# Control IO7774 IO7777 IO7779 IO7780 SampleTime: Predose 24 h Predose 24 h Predose 24 h Predose 24 h 50× 3.0560.298 0.231 0.164 0.159 0.227 0.176 0.211 0.192 500× 2.247 0.120 0.1190.048 0.045 0.061 0.060 0.056 0.057 1000× 1.673 0.090 0.086 0.039 0.0410.046 0.045 0.043 0.048 5000× 0.534 0.039 0.042 0.030 0.034 0.033 0.0360.033 0.034 Dose 2 Positive Animal# Control IO7774 IO7777 IO7779 IO7780Sample Time: Predose 168 h Predose 168 h Predose 168 h Predose 168 h 50×3.075 0.413 0.270 0.174 0.182 0.185 0.190 0.224 0.191 500× 2.173 0.0970.103 0.042 0.051 0.056 0.057 0.048 0.053 1000× 1.510 0.066 0.067 0.0380.040 0.037 0.046 0.043 0.043 5000× 0.474 0.042 0.042 0.033 0.046 0.0330.033 0.036 0.041

Example 6 Pharmacodynamic Study Following a Single SubcutaneouslyInjection to Cynomolgus Monkeys in the Fasting State and During a GradedIntravenous Glucose Infusion

In Phase 1 (Study Day 1) a subcutaneous injection of vehicle isadministered. A graded intravenous glucose (20% dextrose) infusion of 5,10, and 25 mg/kg/min is then administered immediately after the vehicleinjection. In Phase 2 (Study Day 3), a subcutaneous injection of a GLP-1fusion protein (0.1 mg/kg) is administered. In Phase 3, a gradedintravenous glucose infusion is performed approximately 96 hoursfollowing the GLP-1 fusion injection.

Graded intravenous glucose infusion procedures are conducted in sedatedmonkeys after a 16-hr overnight fast. For both intravenous glucoseinfusions, baseline samples will be drawn every 10 min for 20 min todefine baseline. A stepped-up glucose infusion is initiated at +20 minat a rate of 5 mg/kg/min, followed by infusions of 10 mg/kg/min, and 25mg/kg/min. Each infusion rate is administered for a period of 20minutes. Blood samples are taken at 10 minute intervals for measurementof glucose, insulin, and glucagon. Approximately 1.0 mL of blood iscollected at −20, −10 min, 0 pre-glucose infusions, and at 10, 20, 30,40, 50, and 60 minutes following glucose infusion for Phases 1 and 3.

A representation of the data are shown in table 8. TABLE 8 Glucose AUCAUC AUC Group Animal (min*mg/dL) Group Animal (min*mg/dL) GLP-Fc 94237447 vehicle 9423 8077 9424 7470 9424 15006 9510 5153 9510 7116 95136303 9513 7459 9516 5413 9516 8728 9530 5240 9530 7863 N 6 Mean 6171Mean 9041 SD 1078 SD 2973 SE 440 SE 1214 Insulin AUC AUC AUC GroupAnimal (min*ng/mL) Group Animal (min*ng/mL) GLP-Fc 9423 129 vehicle 942338 9424 138 9424 29 9510 357 9510 69 9513 161 9513 64 9516 376 9516 389530 215 9530 68 Mean 229 Mean 51 SD 111 SD 18 SE 45 SE 7 Glucagonlevels were not statistically different between the vehicle and theGLP-1 fusion protein dosed monkeys.

Example 7 Pharmacodynamic Study Following Single SubcutaneouslyInjections of Three Different Doses to Rats in the Fasting State andDuring a Graded Intravenous Glucose Infusion

Chronically cannulated rats are assigned to either vehicle control(saline) or one of 3 treatment groups (GLP-1 fusion protein; 0.0179mg/kg, 0.179 mg/kg, or 1.79 mg/kg). The GLP-1 fusion protein and vehicleare administered via subcutaneous injection. Twenty-four hours aftertreatment, overnight fasted (16 h) rats are subjected to a gradedintravenous glucose infusion test. The graded glucose infusion testconsists of a baseline saline infusion period (20 min), followed by two30 min glucose infusion phases at 5 and 15 mg/kg/min, respectively.Plasma samples are collected at −20, −10 min, 0 pre-glucose infusions(baseline), and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes.

A representation of the data are shown in table 9. TABLE 9 5 mg/Kg/min15 mg/Kg/min Vehicle  4.3 ± 0.2 (n = 18) 12.7 ± 0.9 (n = 18) 0.0179mg/Kg  5.6 ± 0.4 (n = 4) 15.9 ± 1.8 (n = 4) 0.179 mg/Kg  9.0 ± 1.1* (n =6) 28.0 ± 3.8* (n = 6) 1.79 mg/Kg 20.5 ± 3.0* (n = 4) 52.7 ± 7.2* (n =4)*P ≦ 0.05 versus vehicle

1. A heterologous fusion protein comprising a GLP-1 analog comprising asequence selected from the group consisting of: a)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:1)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly-Gly

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; b)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:2)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; c)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:3)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly-Pro

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; d)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:4)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; e)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:5)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Gly

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; f)His-Xaa₈-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser- (SEQ ID NO:6)Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Glu- Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly

wherein Xaa₈ is selected from Gly and Val; fused to the Fc portion of animmunoglobulin comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:7Ala-Glu-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Pro-Cys- (SEQ ID NO:7)Pro-Pro-Cys-Pro-Ala-Pro-Xaa₁₆-Xaa₁₇- Xaa₁₈-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Val-Phe-Leu-Phe-Pro-Pro-Lys-Pro-Lys-Asp-Thr-Leu-Met-Ile-Ser-Arg-Thr-Pro-Glu-Val-Thr-Cys-Val-Val-Val-Asp-Val-Ser-Gln-Glu-Asp-Pro-Glu-Val-Gln-Phe-Asn-Trp-Tyr-Val-Asp-Gly-Val-Glu-Val-His-Asn-Ala-Lys-Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Glu-Glu-Gln-Phe- Xaa₈₀-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Arg-Val-Val-Ser-Val-Leu-Thr-Val-Leu-His-Gln-Asp-Trp-Leu-Asn-Gly-Lys-Glu-Tyr-Lys-Cys-Lys-Val-Ser-Asn-Lys-Gly-Leu-Pro-Ser-Ser-Ile-Glu-Lys-Thr-Ile-Ser-Lys-Ala-Lys-Gly-Gln-Pro-Arg-Glu-Pro-Gln-Val-Tyr-Thr-Leu-Pro-Pro-Ser-Gln-Glu-Glu-Met-Thr-Lys-Asn-Gln-Val-Ser-Leu-Thr-Cys-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Ser-Asp-Ile-Ala-Val-Glu-Trp-Glu-Ser-Asn-Gly-Gln-Pro-Glu-Asn-Asn-Tyr-Lys-Thr-Thr-Pro-Pro-Val-Leu-Asp-Ser-Asp-Gly-Ser-Phe-Phe-Leu-Tyr-Ser-Arg-Leu-Thr-Val-Asp-Lys-Ser-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Gly-Asn-Val-Phe-Ser-Cys-Ser-Val-Met-His-Glu-Ala-Leu-His-Asn-His-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Lys- Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu-Gly-Xaa₂₃₀

wherein: Xaa at position 16 is Pro or Glu; Xaa at position 17 is Phe,Val, or Ala; Xaa at position 18 is Leu, Glu, or Ala; Xaa at position 80is Asn or Ala; and Xaa at position 230 is Lys or is absent.
 2. Theheterologous fusion protein of claim 1 wherein the C-terminal glycineresidue of the GLP-1 analog is fused to the N-terminal alanine residueof the Fc portion via a peptide linker comprising a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of: a) Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly- (SEQID NO:8) Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser; b)Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly- (SEQ ID NO:19)Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly- Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser; and c)Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly- (SEQ ID NO:21)Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly- Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser.


3. The heterologous fusion protein of claim 2 wherein the linkercomprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 4. The heterologous fusionprotein of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein Xaa at position 8 of theGLP-1 analog is Gly.
 5. The heterologous fusion protein of any one ofclaims 1 to 3 wherein Xaa at position 8 of the GLP-1 analog is Val. 6.The heterologous fusion protein of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein theGLP-1 analog comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 7. A heterologousfusion protein selected from the group consisting of: a)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P); b)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A); c)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A); d)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A); e)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P); f)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A); g)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A); h)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A); i)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P); j)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A); k)Gly⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A); l)Gly⁸-Glu²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A); andthe des-K forms thereof.
 8. A heterologous fusion protein selected fromthe group consisting of: a) Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4(S228P); b) Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A);c) Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A); d)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A); e)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P); f)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A); g)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A); h)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-1.5L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A); i)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P); j)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A); k)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, N297A); 1)Val⁸-Glu²²-Gly³⁶-GLP-1(7-37)-2L-IgG4 (S228P, F234A, L235A, N297A); andthe des-K forms thereof. 9.-15. (canceled)
 16. A method of treating apatient with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus comprising theadministration of a therapeutically effective amount of the heterologousfusion protein of any one of claims 1 to
 8. 17. A method of inducingweight loss in an overweight patient comprising the administrations of atherapeutically effective amount of the heterologous fusion protein ofany one of claims 1 to
 8. 18. The method of claim 16 or 17 wherein theheterologous fusion protein is administered at a dose between about 0.05mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg body weight.
 19. The method of claim 16 or 17 whereinthe heterologous fusion protein is administered once a week. 20.-24.(canceled)
 25. A method of treating a patient with non-insulin dependentdiabetes mellitus comprising the administration of a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the heterologous fusion protein of any one of claims1 to 8, wherein the fusion protein stimulates insulin secretion,inhibits glucagon secretion, inhibits gastric emptying, inhibits gastricor intestinal motility, or induces weight loss.